Vancouver Style
Vancouver uses a numeric system. Sources are numbered in the order they first appear in the text. The same number is reused whenever the same source is cited again. The reference list is arranged numerically, not alphabetically. Author names use Surname + Initials with no punctuation between initials (e.g., Smith JA). For seven or more authors, list the first six and add 'et al.' Follow journal requirements when they differ from ICMJE recommendations.
| Situation | In-Text Example |
|---|---|
| Single reference | The study confirmed these findings. ¹ |
| Two references | This is well documented. ¹˒² |
| Consecutive range | Several studies agree. ¹⁻⁴ |
| Non-consecutive | As reported previously. ¹˒³˒⁵ |
| Same reference cited again | As noted earlier, ¹ results were consistent. ¹ |
| Author named in sentence | Jones et al.¹ demonstrated that… |
| Direct quotation | "Mortality decreased."¹ (p. 45) |
| Source Type | Format | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Journal article | Author AA, et al. Title. J Abbrev. Year; Vol(Issue): pp. | Rose ME, Huerbin MB, Melick J, et al. Regulation of amino acid concentrations. Brain Res. 2002;935(1-2):40-6. |
| Book | Author AA. Title. Edition. Place: Publisher; Year. | Murray PR. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002. |
| Book chapter | Author AA. Chapter title. In: Editor AA, editor. Book title. Place: Publisher; Year. p. xx-xx. | Meltzer PS. Chromosome alterations. In: Vogelstein B, editor. Genetic basis of cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002. p. 93-113. |
| Thesis | Author AA. Title [type]. Place: Institution; Year. | Kaplan SJ. Post-hospital care: the elderly access [dissertation]. St. Louis (MO): Washington Univ; 1995. |
| Journal (online) | Author AA. Title. J Abbrev [Internet]. Year [cited Year Mon Day]; Vol(Issue): pp. Available from: URL | Abood S. Quality improvement. Am J Nurs [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2002 Aug 12];102(6). Available from: https://doi.org/xxx |
| Webpage | Organization. Title [Internet]. Place: Publisher; Year [cited Year Mon Day]. Available from: URL | WHO. Global TB report 2023 [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2023 [cited 2024 Jan 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int |
| YouTube | Creator. Title [Video on Internet]. YouTube; Date [cited Date]. Available from: URL | NEJM. Understanding mRNA vaccines [Video on Internet]. YouTube; 2021 Jan 20 [cited 2021 Feb 5]. Available from: https://youtu.be/xxx |
| AI tool | Developer. Tool name [Internet]. Version. Year [cited Date]. Available from: URL | OpenAI. ChatGPT [Internet]. GPT-4. 2023 [cited 2023 Nov 10]. Available from: https://chat.openai.com |
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