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Introduction

Full Name: The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition (University of Chicago Press, 2017)

Citation System:
Notes and Bibliography (Humanities) / Author–Date (Sciences)

Typical Fields:
History, Literature, Arts, Philosophy (N&B) | Social Sciences (Author–Date)

Official Source: https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org

Chicago offers two distinct systems. The Notes and Bibliography (N&B) system is dominant in the humanities and uses footnotes or endnotes for in-text citation, with a full bibliography at the end. The Author–Date system resembles APA and is used in social sciences. This guide covers both, with N&B presented first as it is more distinctive.

System A: Notes and Bibliography (N&B) — Footnotes / Endnotes

Situation	In-Text Example
First citation — full note	¹ John Smith, Research Methods (Chicago: Univ. Press, 2010), 45.
Subsequent — shortened note	² Smith, Research Methods, 47.
Ibid. (same source, same page)	³ Ibid.
Ibid. (same source, diff. page)	⁴ Ibid., 52.
Article — first citation	⁵ Jane Lee, "Title of Article," Journal 12, no. 3 (2019): 88.
Website — first citation	⁶ WHO, "Mental Health," accessed Jan 10, 2024, https://www.who.int.
Direct quotation	⁷ Smith, Research Methods, 45. (quote in text with superscript)

Note: In N&B, the superscript number appears after punctuation in the text. Full note on first citation; shortened note thereafter. Ibid. is permitted but shortened notes are generally preferred in modern Chicago practice.

Bibliography Entries — N&B

Source Type	Format	Example
Book	Author Last, First. Title: Subtitle. Place: Publisher, Year.	Smith, John. Research Methods in the Humanities. Chicago: University Press, 2010.
Book chapter	Author. "Chapter Title." In Book Title, edited by Name, pp. x–x. Place: Publisher, Year.	Bjork, Robert. "Retrieval Inhibition." In Varieties of Memory, edited by Roediger, 309–330. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1989.
Journal article	Author. "Article Title." Journal Name Vol, no. X (Year): pp–pp. DOI or URL.	Lee, Jane. "Learning Outcomes." Educational Review 12, no. 3 (2019): 85–102. https://doi.org/10.xxx
Webpage	Author/Org. "Page Title." Website. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.	WHO. "Mental Health." World Health Organization. Accessed January 10, 2024. https://www.who.int.

System B: Author–Date

Situation	In-Text Example
One author	(Smith 2010, 45)
Two authors	(Garcia and Lee 2020)
Three or more	(Patel et al. 2018)
Direct quotation	(Smith 2010, 45) — same format
Multiple sources	(Ahmed 2022; Garcia and Lee 2020)

Note: In the Author–Date system, the reference list is titled 'References', arranged alphabetically. Format closely resembles APA but uses title case for book titles and retains publisher location.

Figures & Tables

In Chicago N&B, source credit for reproduced figures appears in the caption: 'Source: Author, Title (Place: Publisher, Year), page.'
For tables, the credit line appears below the table.
Written permission is required for copyrighted material.
In Author–Date, figures and tables follow the same conventions as in the social sciences generally.

Formatting Rules

N&B Heading: 'Bibliography' — centered, new page
A–D Heading: 'References' — centered, new page
Order: Alphabetical by author's last name
Indent: Hanging indent for bibliography/reference list
Notes: Single-spaced, footnote font slightly smaller than body text
Titles: Italics for books and journals; quotation marks for articles and chapters
Ibid.: Acceptable in N&B for consecutive citations of the same source

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