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Introduction

Full Name: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th Edition (2020)

Citation System: Author–Date

Typical Fields: Psychology, Education, Social Sciences, Nursing, Business, Linguistics

Official Source: https://apastyle.apa.org

APA uses the Author–Date system. Each in-text citation includes the author's surname and the publication year. Direct quotations also require a page or paragraph number. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by the first author's surname and uses a hanging indent.

In-Text Citations

Situation	In-Text Example
One author	(Ahmed, 2022) or Ahmed (2022) argued…
Two authors	(Garcia & Lee, 2020)
Three or more authors	(Patel et al., 2018)
Group author – first citation	(World Health Organization [WHO], 2021)
Group author – subsequent	(WHO, 2021)
No author – article title	("Citation Practices," 2019)
Multiple sources	(Ahmed, 2022; Garcia & Lee, 2020)
Direct quotation	(Miller, 2019, p. 45)
Secondary citation	(Brown, 1995, as cited in Ahmed, 2022)

Note: List multiple sources alphabetically within the same parentheses. Use secondary citations sparingly; cite the original source whenever accessible.

Reference List Examples

Source Type	Format	Example
Book	Author, A. A. (Year). Title: Subtitle. Publisher.	Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Book chapter	Author, A. A. (Year). Chapter title. In E. Ed (Ed.), Book title (pp. x–x). Publisher.	Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition. In H. Roediger (Ed.), Varieties of memory (pp. 309–330). Erlbaum.
Journal article	Author, A. A. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, Vol(Issue), pp–pp. https://doi.org/xxxxx	Maddux, W. W. (2011). Creativity and learning. Psychological Science, 22(6), 753–761. https://doi.org/10.1177/xxx
Thesis	Author, A. A. (Year). Title [Doctoral dissertation, Institution].	Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership [Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan].
Webpage	Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title. Site Name. URL	World Health Organization. (2023, September 5). Mental health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health
Social media	Author [@handle]. (Year, Month Day). Content [Type]. Platform. URL	APA [@APA]. (2020, Mar 19). COVID-19 resources [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/APA/status/xxx
YouTube video	Creator [Channel]. (Year, Month Day). Title [Video]. YouTube. URL	TED. (2009, Sept 12). Do schools kill creativity? [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/iG9CE55wbtY
AI tool	Developer. (Year). Tool name (Version) [Large language model]. URL	OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com

Figures & Tables

Figures and tables from other sources require a note below them and a full reference list entry.
Use: "Note. From 'Article Title,' by A. Author, Year, Journal, Vol(Issue), p. X. Copyright Year by Holder. Reprinted with permission."
For adapted material, replace "From" with "Adapted from."

Formatting Rules

Heading: 'References' — centered, bold, new page
Order: Alphabetical by first author's surname
Indent: Hanging indent (first line flush, subsequent lines indented 0.5 in.)
Authors: Surname, Initials (up to 20 authors; 21+ use ellipsis before final author)
Titles: Sentence case for articles/chapters; italics for journals and books
DOIs: Format as https://doi.org/xxxxx (no publisher location required in APA 7)

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