AMA 11-Style
AMA uses a numeric citation system with superscript numbers. It is the standard for American medical journals, including JAMA and its affiliated publications. While similar to Vancouver (both are biomedical numeric styles), AMA has distinct formatting rules: author names list the last name followed by initials with no punctuation between them, journal names are abbreviated without periods, and up to six authors are listed before 'et al.'
| Situation | In-Text Example |
|---|---|
| Single reference | The findings support this approach.¹ |
| Two references | These results are consistent.¹˒² |
| Consecutive range | Multiple trials show agreement.¹⁻⁴ |
| Non-consecutive | As previously noted.¹˒³˒⁵ |
| Same source repeated | As demonstrated earlier,¹ these methods were reapplied.¹ |
| Author named in sentence | Jones et al¹ demonstrated that… |
| Direct quotation | "Mortality declined."¹(p45) |
| Source Type | Format | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Journal article | Author AA, Author BB. Article title. Journal Abbrev. Year;Vol(Issue):pp-pp. doi:xx | Harlow HF, Dodsworth RO, Harlow MK. Total social isolation in monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1965;54(1):90-97. doi:10.1073/pnas.54.1.90 |
| Book | Author AA, Author BB. Book Title. Publisher; Year. | Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. Medical Microbiology. Elsevier; 2020. |
| Book chapter | Author AA. Chapter title. In: Editor AA, ed. Book Title. Publisher; Year:pp-pp. | Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations. In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, eds. The Genetic Basis of Human Cancer. McGraw-Hill; 2002:93-113. |
| Thesis | Author AA. Title [type]. Institution; Year. | Kaplan SJ. Post-hospital home health care [dissertation]. Washington University; 1995. |
| Website | Author/Organization. Page title. Publisher. Updated Date. Accessed Date. URL | American Medical Association. AMA style resources. AMA. Updated January 5, 2024. Accessed February 1, 2024. https://www.ama-assn.org |
| Journal (online) | Author AA. Title. Journal Abbrev. Year;Vol(Issue):pp-pp. Published Date. Accessed Date. doi:xx | Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes. Am J Nurs. 2002;102(6):24-34. Accessed August 12, 2002. doi:10.1097/xxx |
| YouTube | Creator. Title [video]. YouTube. Published Date. Accessed Date. URL | JAMA Network. Understanding hypertension [video]. YouTube. Published March 10, 2021. Accessed May 1, 2024. https://youtu.be/xxx |
| AI tool | Developer. Tool name. Version. Year. Accessed Date. URL | OpenAI. ChatGPT. GPT-4. 2023. Accessed November 10, 2023. https://chat.openai.com |
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